Gel electrolphoresis

 Gel Electrophoresis is what they use to sequence Dna.   They sequence the Dna by putting drops of it in the slits at the end the gel. then run a charge through the gel and after about half hour r so the positive charged Dna runs down the medium (gel) and any negative charged Dna moves opposite direction. In this lab i learned how to use gel electrolysis  to sequence Dna. Although we only used die.

Gattaca

In this movie it depicts a future generation of people that have become so over whelm on the technologies of being able to sequence genes in such a way that they can tell you what  diseases you may have and and what the possiablities of your life span are. Its kinda crazy to think a world like this is possible but in reality we are already starting to do this.  We can now have designer babies that you can pick  how smart your baby will be or have stronger babies.And all they need is a drop of your Dna.  Then By sequencing it they can tell you every thing you need to know about your self and your health. In future generations of these kids start to think this is the better way to go what will happen to the world we live in. So i would have to say what this movie depicts is very possible and might not be to far away.

Pcr dna sequencing

Pcr is the process  in which. You take any sample of Dna and you take it through these process where you put the Dna sample that you have and places it in a vile. The first step is Pcr amplifications. You add polymers and primers to make many pieces of your desired pieces of Dna. Then by heating and cooling these together in a PTC Machine.  you start making copies of that Dna. With the Polymers and primers that we added. The second step is purification. you put the tubes in a centrifuge to get all the dna separate from the rest. Then the third step is to dilute the product increase volume. Then start process over again. Tell you have as much Dna as you need. IF it is a diesed cell you were looking to find or your babies daddy. You would now have many copies of that cell that you can study if you want to find what the genetic codes to that specific cell. Then you will be able to find what ever you need  to know about that Dna Cell.

Dna Analysis

In this graph it shows who has the higher percents chance of haveing a deseise. the results were graphed from a work sheet that had  the sequences of there dna on it.

Vocab

Anticodon- a triplet of nucleotides in rna designation a specific amino acid that binds to a corresponding codon in rna during protein synthesis

Codon- a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides constituting the genetic code that specifies the insertion of an amino acid

Exon-a nucleic acid sequence that is represented in mature form of an rna molecule either after portions of a precursor

Genetic Code-is a set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins by living cells.

Intron- are nucleotides sequences within genes that are removed by rna splicing to generate the final mature

mRNA (messenger RNA)-is a molecule of rna encoding a chemical “Blueprint”

Promoter-a regulatory region of dna located up stream of a gene

Protein-coding Gene- transcribes into Mrna

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known form of life

RNA polymerase-is an enzym that produces Rna.

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)-is the rna component of the ribosome

Transcription- is the process of creating a complementary Rna copy of a sequence of dna

Translation- an act of translating some thing

tRNA (transfer RNA)-is rna that transfers a specific active amino acids

Dna

We experimented with wheat germs to find dna.  Using wheat germ, warm water, detergent and ninety five percent ethanol alcohol. To extract Dna out of the wheat germ. the detergent is what is needed to break the cell wall to release the dna. the dna then floats to the top through the alcohol.

Pedigree

Question

1. What would a pedigree of Greg and Olga’s families look like? Concentrate simply on family relationships and affected persons.   The pedigree of Greg family would have one person with factor Vlll deficiency, four with myotonie dystrophy, two people died and six remained unaffected.  The pedigree of Olga's family would have one with factor Vlll, and one with hemophilia A, one with hemophilia, several that remained unaffected.

Questions

1. Do autosomal dominant disorders skip generations? Yes they can.
2. Could Greg or his mother be carriers of the gene that causes myotonic dystrophy? yes they could be carriers and not be affected.
3. Is there a possibility that Greg’s aunt or uncle is homozygous for the myotonic dystrophy (MD) gene? yes there is that possibility.
4. Symptoms of myotonic dystrophy sometimes don’t show up until after age fifty. What is the possibility that Greg’s cousin has inherited the MD gene? Its a fifty fifty chance you never know.
5. What is the possibility that Greg and Olga’s children could inherit the MD gene? fifty fifty.       

Questions

1. What are the hallmarks of an autosomal recessive trait?It is a trait that is mainly likned with the sex gene.
2. What does consanguineous mean? Why is this concept especially important when discussing recessive genetic disorders?
3. What is it about the inheritance pattern of factor VIII deficiency seen in Greg and Olga’s pedigree that point toward it not being an autosomal recessive trait?

Questions

1. What are the characteristics of X-linked recessive inheritance?
2. Why does a son never inherit his father’s defective X chromosome? 
3. What is required for a woman to display a sex-linked recessive trait?
4. Return to the pedigree drawn earlier for Greg and Olga; mark those persons who are carriers of the factor VIII deficiency gene.
5. What is the chance that Olga carries the gene for factor VIII deficiency? Calculate the probability that she will pass it to her offspring. Will male children be affected in a different way than female children?
6. What is the chance that Greg carries the factor VIII gene? Can he pass the gene on to his sons? His daughters? How will each be affected?

Questions

1. What is the second equation?
2. The incidence of cystic fibrosis in Hispanic Americans is 1/4500 while in African Americans cystic fibrosis is seen in 1 of every 15,000 births. What is the carrier frequency for each of these populations?
3. What is the probability of two Hispanic Americans having a child with cystic fibrosis, given that there is no history of the disease in either’s family?
4. Carol is an African American woman who does not suffer from CF. Both of her parents are healthy but her brother has cystic fibrosis. Carol is planning a family with her husband Marcus, who is also African American but who has no history of CF in his family. What is the probability of their having a child with CF

   
   

   Questions

   1. What are some of the risks and benefits of genetic testing as it relates to legal (not medical) issues?
   2. Do you think an unintended consequence of genetic testing could be that people would be less liable to seek medical care out of fear that they could later be denied life or health insurance? What laws should be used to govern the use of genetic data of this type?