Dna Analysis

In this graph it shows who has the higher percents chance of haveing a deseise. the results were graphed from a work sheet that had  the sequences of there dna on it.

Vocab

Anticodon- a triplet of nucleotides in rna designation a specific amino acid that binds to a corresponding codon in rna during protein synthesis

Codon- a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides constituting the genetic code that specifies the insertion of an amino acid

Exon-a nucleic acid sequence that is represented in mature form of an rna molecule either after portions of a precursor

Genetic Code-is a set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins by living cells.

Intron- are nucleotides sequences within genes that are removed by rna splicing to generate the final mature

mRNA (messenger RNA)-is a molecule of rna encoding a chemical “Blueprint”

Promoter-a regulatory region of dna located up stream of a gene

Protein-coding Gene- transcribes into Mrna

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known form of life

RNA polymerase-is an enzym that produces Rna.

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)-is the rna component of the ribosome

Transcription- is the process of creating a complementary Rna copy of a sequence of dna

Translation- an act of translating some thing

tRNA (transfer RNA)-is rna that transfers a specific active amino acids

Dna

We experimented with wheat germs to find dna.  Using wheat germ, warm water, detergent and ninety five percent ethanol alcohol. To extract Dna out of the wheat germ. the detergent is what is needed to break the cell wall to release the dna. the dna then floats to the top through the alcohol.

Pedigree

Question

1. What would a pedigree of Greg and Olga’s families look like? Concentrate simply on family relationships and affected persons.   The pedigree of Greg family would have one person with factor Vlll deficiency, four with myotonie dystrophy, two people died and six remained unaffected.  The pedigree of Olga's family would have one with factor Vlll, and one with hemophilia A, one with hemophilia, several that remained unaffected.

Questions

1. Do autosomal dominant disorders skip generations? Yes they can.
2. Could Greg or his mother be carriers of the gene that causes myotonic dystrophy? yes they could be carriers and not be affected.
3. Is there a possibility that Greg’s aunt or uncle is homozygous for the myotonic dystrophy (MD) gene? yes there is that possibility.
4. Symptoms of myotonic dystrophy sometimes don’t show up until after age fifty. What is the possibility that Greg’s cousin has inherited the MD gene? Its a fifty fifty chance you never know.
5. What is the possibility that Greg and Olga’s children could inherit the MD gene? fifty fifty.       

Questions

1. What are the hallmarks of an autosomal recessive trait?It is a trait that is mainly likned with the sex gene.
2. What does consanguineous mean? Why is this concept especially important when discussing recessive genetic disorders?
3. What is it about the inheritance pattern of factor VIII deficiency seen in Greg and Olga’s pedigree that point toward it not being an autosomal recessive trait?

Questions

1. What are the characteristics of X-linked recessive inheritance?
2. Why does a son never inherit his father’s defective X chromosome? 
3. What is required for a woman to display a sex-linked recessive trait?
4. Return to the pedigree drawn earlier for Greg and Olga; mark those persons who are carriers of the factor VIII deficiency gene.
5. What is the chance that Olga carries the gene for factor VIII deficiency? Calculate the probability that she will pass it to her offspring. Will male children be affected in a different way than female children?
6. What is the chance that Greg carries the factor VIII gene? Can he pass the gene on to his sons? His daughters? How will each be affected?

Questions

1. What is the second equation?
2. The incidence of cystic fibrosis in Hispanic Americans is 1/4500 while in African Americans cystic fibrosis is seen in 1 of every 15,000 births. What is the carrier frequency for each of these populations?
3. What is the probability of two Hispanic Americans having a child with cystic fibrosis, given that there is no history of the disease in either’s family?
4. Carol is an African American woman who does not suffer from CF. Both of her parents are healthy but her brother has cystic fibrosis. Carol is planning a family with her husband Marcus, who is also African American but who has no history of CF in his family. What is the probability of their having a child with CF

   
   

   Questions

   1. What are some of the risks and benefits of genetic testing as it relates to legal (not medical) issues?
   2. Do you think an unintended consequence of genetic testing could be that people would be less liable to seek medical care out of fear that they could later be denied life or health insurance? What laws should be used to govern the use of genetic data of this type?

Eugenics

Eugenics  is the study of how genes are passed from father and mother through generations of people plants and animals. Eugenics started to develop in the wake of turbulent economic and social problems following right after the civil war. When  the american revolution started up many started moving away from farms but the economic system would be good then get bad recession after recession. During this time they tried to explain social end economic inequalities.  But this system became know as progressivism  in this idea was scientific management. Genetics now appeared to explain the underlying cause of human social problems. The scientific origins of Eugenics is it started in the twentieth century it was a new common philosophy of human worth. They used pedigrees to make what is like a family tree to show what traits were passed on through certain generations. They sought to recognize certain patterns. They did this studies on plants animals and humans.They watched for the genes that were passed from parents to children. they kept track by making marks on the chart to keep track what was passed.But some the flaws were that it was hard to scale how smart some one is back then  and they had issues defining  traits. Very poor surveying and statistical methods. Didn't have trained employes. This impacted American society in many ways it brought the study of genes. which make it so we can study disease and viruses and many other organisms. It also lead to the discovery of how genes work and produce every thing you ever see.

How to Make babies Genetics

in the process of making a baby two separate cells join together to create a complex process that makes up every one of us. one of these cells is called a sperm, the other is an egg the both must work together to  make what we would call a baby. When they start this the egg must allow just one sperm in. Once that happens they began to split into separate cells taking twenty three  cells to both sides, then the two cells split in two again.

Mitosis and The cell cycle and stem cells

Mitosis and the cell cycle are the process in which cells go through to create new cells there are a couple of steps through out the process. First the cells must make copies of DNA. Starting the process of prophase. After this they go into the Metaphase process and the microtubles start to get kinetochore halfway through the spindle poles.   Then they go into the anaphase stage and they start  to line up in center and make new wall, Tubules start to disappear. Telophase New cells are formed two daughter cells now existe.

Stem cells are what contain all the information on how to grow every part in your body. with certain animal they have an unlimited amount of them but we as humans do not. in this other animals this cells that they have in abundace are used to regrow parts that get cut of or what ever may happen.

Meiosis is slightly different from mitosis the first several steps are the same the dna replicates but when it gets to the metaphase and its starting to get to the anaphase stage the cells divide like they would in mitosis  but instead of dividing the cells equally the mother cells go on one side and the father cell goes to the other and the replicated cell starts to bond in the new daughter cells that have been created then they run there cycle over and over.