Macroevolution

What macro evolution means is to refer to any evolutionary change at the level of species, or a split of species into to. Or the change of a species over time into another species.

Evidence of macro evolution

Bio exam

Biology:  Evolution Take-Home Essay Exam


In no more than 8 double-spaced word-processed pages, answer the following question in a well-organized essay:


Explain evolution of species. Your answer should include a detailed description of how new species arise and how existing species change over time. Make sure you refer to the contributions of early theorists such as Lamarck and Charles Darwin. Include a discussion of microevolution and the evidence that exists that organisms have evolved and are evolving over time.  Discuss which types of evidence for evolution you find most convincing.

Required elements:

1.    Includes discussion of early theories from Lamarck, Darwin, and other early evolutionary philosophers. - 10pts max

Lamarck was the first scientist who confidently publicly stated his views and ideas on the process that lead to biological change. He full name was Jean-Baptist Chevalier de Lamarck. He stated and believed that microscope organism appear spontaneously from inanimate materials and then transmuted (evolved) into to more complex forms, through the constant strive for perfection. He thought that the ultimate product of this goal was to be humans. He believed the evolution was mostly due to the inheritance of acquired characteristics as creatures adapt to their environments. This means he thought that evolution occurs when an organism uses a body part in such a way that it is alters during its life time and this change is then inherited by its off spring.
Darwin was also an evolutionist but he wasn't very open about his ideas. His fully name was Eramus Darwin. He was a physician, poet, and amateur scientist. He believed that evolution has occurred in living things including humans, he only had rather fuzzy idea about the possibilities for these change. But also suggested that the earth and life on it must have been evolving for millions of ages before the commencement of the history of mankind. He wrote his ideas about evolution in poes and relatively obscure two volume  scientific publication. Named Zoonomia,  or laws of organic change.


2. Includes a discussion of microevolutionary mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, migration, and natural selection. - 10 pts max

Microevolution mechanismms are mutation, genetic drift, migration and natural selection. Mutation is  when  you have one species that breeds and happens to have an of gene that cause there of spring to have an ad normal trait that the mother and father didn't have.Genetic Drift is when a group of species  with random luck  has a specifies kind of gene that slowly starts to show more in the off spring. Migration is when a species moves on to new places and slowly becomes dominant in that area. Natural selection is when there is a predator  that picks of a species that shows more colors then the other For example if there are green brown beetles  the  green ones get ate more frequently then brown cause brown ones are more hidden.

3.  Includes a discussion of the evidence for evolution including the fields of biochemistry/DNA, embryology, the fossil record, and comparative morphology. -10 pts max

To study in the field of bio chemistry is the same as saying you study the chemical processes in living organisms, but not limited to living matter. This chemistry kind of governs all living organisms and the living process. And much of bio chemistry deals with the structures and functions of cellular components such as proteins , carbohydrates lipids and other bio molecules.  Embryology is a science which is about the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage. After clevage, the dividing cells, morula, becomes a hollow ball, or blastula, which develops a hole or pore at one end. The fossil record is a standard approach to looking at fossil in geological  columns is to assume lower is older. Since columns represent million years of earths history. The comparative morphology is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. Related to evolutionary biology.


4.  Includes a discussion of your own opinion about which types of evidence (if any) convince you that species have changed over time.
-10pts max

I do believe that there is some evidence that there provides evidence that evolution happens. But i only belive that the changes that actually occur over time can only prove  that through offspring certain generations take on new aspects like colors, hair, or eye colors and many  different other traits . But we can not evolve to the extremes of being able to grow bigger heart through, endurance on some one heart and expect for the of spring to have bigger hearts. Or to have some one live in extreme colds needing more hair, the offspring's wouldn't have more hair or grow fur.  But i do not believe any species have changed in such a way to create new kind of species. Just like plants you can have the same plant but get  different breads of  that that by pollination. And The offspring change a little but still hold the same traits as the previous plants.

5.  The paper is well-written and flows naturally from one topic to the next. The paper has a bibliography that cites any sources quoted in the body of the paper. -10 pts max

Bibliography:
1. http://anthro.palomar.edu/evolve/evolve_1.htm
2. http://www.detectingdesign.com/fossilrecord.html
3.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_morphology
4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry
5.http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/dna_replication/index.html

Gel electrolphoresis

 Gel Electrophoresis is what they use to sequence Dna.   They sequence the Dna by putting drops of it in the slits at the end the gel. then run a charge through the gel and after about half hour r so the positive charged Dna runs down the medium (gel) and any negative charged Dna moves opposite direction. In this lab i learned how to use gel electrolysis  to sequence Dna. Although we only used die.

Gattaca

In this movie it depicts a future generation of people that have become so over whelm on the technologies of being able to sequence genes in such a way that they can tell you what  diseases you may have and and what the possiablities of your life span are. Its kinda crazy to think a world like this is possible but in reality we are already starting to do this.  We can now have designer babies that you can pick  how smart your baby will be or have stronger babies.And all they need is a drop of your Dna.  Then By sequencing it they can tell you every thing you need to know about your self and your health. In future generations of these kids start to think this is the better way to go what will happen to the world we live in. So i would have to say what this movie depicts is very possible and might not be to far away.

Pcr dna sequencing

Pcr is the process  in which. You take any sample of Dna and you take it through these process where you put the Dna sample that you have and places it in a vile. The first step is Pcr amplifications. You add polymers and primers to make many pieces of your desired pieces of Dna. Then by heating and cooling these together in a PTC Machine.  you start making copies of that Dna. With the Polymers and primers that we added. The second step is purification. you put the tubes in a centrifuge to get all the dna separate from the rest. Then the third step is to dilute the product increase volume. Then start process over again. Tell you have as much Dna as you need. IF it is a diesed cell you were looking to find or your babies daddy. You would now have many copies of that cell that you can study if you want to find what the genetic codes to that specific cell. Then you will be able to find what ever you need  to know about that Dna Cell.

Dna Analysis

In this graph it shows who has the higher percents chance of haveing a deseise. the results were graphed from a work sheet that had  the sequences of there dna on it.

Vocab

Anticodon- a triplet of nucleotides in rna designation a specific amino acid that binds to a corresponding codon in rna during protein synthesis

Codon- a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides constituting the genetic code that specifies the insertion of an amino acid

Exon-a nucleic acid sequence that is represented in mature form of an rna molecule either after portions of a precursor

Genetic Code-is a set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins by living cells.

Intron- are nucleotides sequences within genes that are removed by rna splicing to generate the final mature

mRNA (messenger RNA)-is a molecule of rna encoding a chemical “Blueprint”

Promoter-a regulatory region of dna located up stream of a gene

Protein-coding Gene- transcribes into Mrna

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known form of life

RNA polymerase-is an enzym that produces Rna.

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)-is the rna component of the ribosome

Transcription- is the process of creating a complementary Rna copy of a sequence of dna

Translation- an act of translating some thing

tRNA (transfer RNA)-is rna that transfers a specific active amino acids